Today’s connector design has been completely changed and needs to be selected by a dedicated signal integration engineer. The new connector design must also meet electrical performance requirements, rather than measuring electrical performance when the entire connector is designed as in the past. Especially for high-speed signals above 10 GHz, electrical performance is critical. When designing high-performance connectors, whether it is an expensive backplane connector or a common standard PC connector, the first thing to consider is the electrical performance requirements. The selection of the connector is also the responsibility of the electrical engineer who designs the circuit.
As the data transfer speed increases, the effects of capacitance and impedance become more pronounced. Signals on one terminal crosstalk to adjacent terminals and affect their signal integrity. In addition, the ground capacitance reduces the impedance of the high speed signal and attenuates the signal. The new serial PCI standard PCI Express, with a maximum data transfer speed of 500MB in each direction at 2.5Gb, greatly increases the signal speed that a single connector can transmit. In the past, high speed signals were typically controlled by coaxial cables and coaxial connectors to control the impedance of the signal path. A similar concept is adopted in PCI Express, where each signal transmission terminal is separated from each other. Differential signal pairs do a good job of this because each side of the differential signal pair has a ground pin to reduce crosstalk.
High-speed transmission is most commonly used in backplane connectors, and connectors up to 10Gb/s use very sophisticated design techniques. Typically the first layer is the area where the legs are opened to separate adjacent ground terminals. The next level is the ground shield installed between the rows. The top layer application will include a metal ground structure surrounding each signal terminal. This C-type metal shield provides the best combination of data transfer speed and signal integrity and is the ideal high speed application connector.
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